Table 2 |
|||||||
|
Studies involving human volunteers evaluated by the JMPR* |
|||||||
|
Compound |
Group |
Year |
Number of toxicity studies |
Number of ADME studies |
Used for ADI |
Used for ARfD |
Comments |
|
|
|||||||
|
Carbaryl |
Carb-amate |
1996 |
3 |
1 (same study) |
NO |
NO |
Carcinogenicity in mice |
|
Dimethoate |
OP |
1996 |
1 (1967) |
NO |
NO |
Reproductive toxicity |
|
|
Mevinphos |
OP |
1996 |
2 (1975) |
YES |
YES |
SF of 20 because N = 8 |
|
|
Fenthion |
OP |
1997 |
1 (1979) |
YES (in 1995) |
NO |
Not suitable for ARfD because no effects in rats after a single much higher dose |
|
|
Malathion |
OP |
1997 |
1 (1962) |
NO |
NO |
Old study, possibly containing impurities, NOAEL in rats much higher |
|
|
Methidathion |
OP |
1997 |
1 (1970) |
NA |
YES |
SF of 10 despite N = 8 because supported by data in rats with a SF of 100 |
|
|
Amitraz |
1998 |
3 (1984) |
1 (1984) (same study) |
NA |
YES |
||
|
Dichloran |
1998 |
1 (1962) |
NO |
NA |
Supportive of data in dogs with a SF of 200 because of data gaps |
||
|
Chlorpyrifos |
OP |
1999 |
7 (1971-1999) |
1 (1999) (same study) |
YES |
YES |
ADI based on data in animals with a SF of 100 and in humans with a SF of 10 (N = 4-6) giving the same ADI |
|
Ethoprophos |
OP |
1999 |
1 (1986) |
1 (1986, same study) |
NA |
NA |
Study performed to assess occupational exposure |
|
Permethrin |
Pyre-throid |
1999 |
1 (1985) |
NO |
NA |
||
|
Fenitrothion |
OP |
2000 |
3 (1968-1999) |
1 (1999) (same study) |
NO |
YES |
Too short duration (4 days) for setting the ADI |
|
Imazalil |
Azole |
2000 |
1 (1979) |
NO |
NA |
Skin irritation study |
|
|
Diazinon |
OP |
2001 |
2 (1999) |
NA |
NO |
Only in male and studies in animals showed sex difference |
|
|
Methomyl |
Carbamate |
2001 |
1 (1998) |
YES |
YES |
SF of 5 because of rapid reversibility of effects, used although N = 5 because supported by data in animals |
|
|
Acephate |
OP |
2002 |
2 (1972-2000) |
1 (2000) (same study) |
NO |
NO |
Not used because brain AChE more sensitive to inhibition than RBC AChE |
|
Ethephon |
2002 |
3 (1971-1977) |
NA |
YES |
|||
|
Methamidophos |
OP |
2002 |
2 (1973) |
NO |
NO |
Studies considered supportive (giving similar ADI or ARfD) |
|
|
Oxamyl |
Carb-amate |
2002 |
1 (1999) |
YES |
YES |
Although N = 5, data in animals were supportive |
|
|
Oxydemeton methyl |
OP |
2002 |
2 (1973) |
NA |
NO |
Not used because of methodological problems |
|
|
Tolylfluanid |
Sulf-amide fun-gicide |
2002 |
1 (1968) |
NA |
NA |
Skin irritation study |
|
|
Triazophos |
OP |
2002 |
4 (1971-1973) |
YES |
YES |
N = 5-25, acceptable because performed according to the standard of the time |
|
|
Malathion |
OP |
2003 |
1 (2000) |
1 (2000) (same study) |
NA |
YES |
N = 14 |
|
Paraquat |
2003 |
1 (1984) |
NO |
NO |
Poor skin absorption |
||
|
Phospmet |
OP |
2003 |
1 (1999) |
NA |
YES |
N = 12 |
|
|
Propiconazole |
Azole |
2004 |
1 (1991 |
NA |
NA |
Study for skin sensitisation |
|
|
Acephate |
OP |
2005 |
2 (2000-2003) |
2 (2000-2003) (same studies) |
YES |
YES |
N = 7-14, more data on brain vs RBC AChE allowed the use of human data. Comparative metabolism data also allowed the use of a chemical specific assessment factor |
|
Pirimiphos-methyl |
OP |
2006 |
2 (1974-1976) |
NA |
NO |
Considered supportive since it would have given a slightly lower ARfD |
|
|
Temephos |
OP |
2006 |
1 (1967) |
NA |
NO |
Poor quality of reporting |
|
|
Thiabedazole |
Azole |
2006 |
1 (1965) |
NO |
NO |
Relevant parameters could not be assessed in humans |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
* Note: malathion and acephate have been evaluated twice AChE = Acetyl Cholinesterase ADME = Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion ADI = Acceptable Daily Intake ARfD = Acute Reference Dose NOAEL = No Observed Adverse Effect Level RBC = Red Blood Cell SF = Safety Factor |
|||||||
|
London et al. Environmental Health 2010 9:50 doi:10.1186/1476-069X-9-50 |
|||||||
