|
Independent effects of individual and area-based socioeconomic measures (not including traffic and land use variables) in the study of singleton births in Eastern Massachusetts between 1996 and 2002. |
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| Birth weight |
Small for gestational age |
Preterm birth |
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| Model covariates |
Change (in grams) |
95% CI |
OR |
95% CI |
OR |
95% CI |
|
|
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| Mother's education |
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| High school or less (≤ 12 years) |
-8.6 |
-12.9, -4.3 |
1.18 |
1.14, 1.22 |
1.11 |
1.06, 1.15 |
| Some college (13–15 years) |
Reference |
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| College or postgraduate (≥ 16 years) |
6.0 |
2.1, 10.0 |
1.05 |
1.01, 1.08 |
1.05 |
1.01, 1.09 |
| Mother's race |
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| White |
Reference |
|||||
| African-American |
-112.9 |
-119.6, -106.3 |
* |
1.06 |
1.00, 1.11 |
|
| Asian |
-193.0 |
-199.4, -186.7 |
0.77 |
0.73, 0.82 |
||
| Hispanic |
-78.0 |
-83.6, -72.3 |
1.02 |
0.97, 1.07 |
||
| APNCU |
||||||
| Inadequate |
-53.4 |
-59.2, -47.6 |
1.26 |
1.21, 1.31 |
4.52 |
4.25, 4.81 |
| Intermediate |
-39.0 |
-44.6, -33.3 |
1.12 |
1.08, 1.17 |
1.91 |
1.76, 2.08 |
| Appropriate |
Reference |
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| Appropriate plus |
-11.1 |
-14.5, -7.6 |
0.98 |
0.96, 1.01 |
9.05 |
8.67, 9.45 |
| Median household income† |
8.8 |
6.5, 11.2 |
0.92 |
0.91, 0.94 |
0.99 |
0.98, 1.01 |
|
APNCU – adequacy of prenatal care utilization; CI – confidence interval; OR – odds ratio; SD – standard deviation Model controlled additionally for mother age, gestational age (for models with birth weight as the outcome), cigarette smoking during pregnancy, previous infant greater than 4000 grams, previous preterm birth, chronic or gestational conditions of mother, and year of birth. *Race is already controlled for in the definition of "small for gestational age" †The effect is for 1 SD change in the median household income by tract | ||||||
Zeka et al. Environmental Health 2008 7:60 doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-60 |
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