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A comparison of the results from the present, Sweden, Norway, California, and England and Wales studies. |
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| Birth defect |
Study area |
Fixed-Effects Model Summary OR (95 % CI) |
Random-Effects Model Summary OR (95% CI) |
Q-statistic/P-value* |
|
|
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| Anencephalus |
Norway 2002 |
1.13 (0.74–1.73) |
1.15 (0.56–2.36) |
7.55/0.056 |
| California 2003 (1) |
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| California 2003 (2) |
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| Taiwan 2008 |
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| Norway 2002 |
0.85 (0.51–1.43) |
0.91 (0.40–2.51) |
4.23/0.121 |
|
| California 2003 (1) |
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| California 2003 (2) |
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| Norway 2002 |
0.98 (0.61–1.59) |
0.98 (0.38–2.51) |
6.19/0.045 |
|
| California 2003 (1) |
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| Taiwan 2008 |
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| Norway 2002 |
1.73 (1.01–2.96) |
1.73 (1.01–2.96) |
0.96/0.619 |
|
| California 2003 (2) |
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| Taiwan 2008 |
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| Cleft palate |
Norway 2002 |
1.00 (0.87–1.15) |
1.10 (0.82–1.48) |
4.50/0.212 |
| California 2003 (2) |
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| Taiwan 2008 |
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| England and Wales 2007 |
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| Norway 2002 |
1.43 (0.97–2.10) |
1.43 (0.97–2.10) |
0.74/0.690 |
|
| California 2003 (2) |
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| Taiwan 2008 |
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| Norway 2002 |
0.95 (0.83–1.10) |
0.95 (0.83–1.10) |
0.05/0.976 |
|
| California 2003 (2) |
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| England and Wales 2007 |
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| California 2003 (2) |
1.00 (0.87–1.15) |
1.13 (0.77–1.66) |
4.49/0.106 |
|
| Taiwan 2008 |
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| England and Wales 2007 |
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| Cleft lip with/without palate |
Norway 2002 |
0.95 (0.85–1.06) |
0.95 (0.85–1.06) |
2.76/0.431 |
| California 2003 (2) |
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| Taiwan 2008 |
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| England and Wales 2007 |
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| Norway 2002 |
1.00 (0.78–1.27) |
1.01 (0.75–1.37) |
2.58/0.276 |
|
| California 2003 (2) |
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| Taiwan 2008 |
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| Norway 2002 |
0.95 (0.84–1.06) |
0.97 (0.76–1.24) |
2.71/0.258 |
|
| California 2003 (2) |
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| England and Wales 2007 |
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| California 2003 (2) |
0.96 (0.86–1.07) |
0.98 (0.82–1.15) |
2.54/0.281 |
|
| Taiwan 2008 |
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| England and Wales 2007 |
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| Ventricular septal defects |
Norway 2002 |
1.59 (1.21–2.07) |
1.59 (1.21–2.07) |
0.74/0.692 |
| Taiwan 2008 |
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| England and Wales 2007 |
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| Norway 2002 |
1.81 (1.21–2.71) |
1.81 (1.21–2.71) |
0.0001/0.99 |
|
| Taiwan 2008 |
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| Hydrocephalus |
Sweden 2000 |
0.95 (0.59–1.50) |
1.21 (0.52–2.81) |
3.76/0.152 |
| Norway 2002 |
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| Taiwan 2008 |
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| Obstructive urinary tract defects |
Norway 2002 |
1.61 (0.85–3.03) |
1.61 (0.85–3.03) |
0.22/0.638 |
| Taiwan 2008 |
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| Atrial septal defects |
Norway 2002 |
0.97 (0.61–1.52) |
0.97 (0.61–1.52) |
0.30/0.59 |
| Taiwan 2008 |
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*P < 0.05 indicates that a random-effects model is more appropriate. *Sweden 2000 [14]; California 2003(1): Shaw et. al. Study 1 [11]; California 2003(1): Shaw et. al. Study 2 [11] Norway 2007 [12]; England and Wales 2007 [13]; Taiwan 2008: the present study. | ||||
Hwang et al. Environmental Health 2008 7:23 doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-23 |
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