Table 4

Association of metals and metalloids with β2-microglobulin, creatinine clearance, and kidney length controlling for confounders

β2-microglobulin (ng/mL)
 CCR Cockcroft, Gault/BSA (mL/min/m2)
 Kidney length (mm)

Total sample
 Ben-offspring
 Control-offspring
 Total sample
 Ben-offspring
 Control-offspring
 Total sample
 Ben-offspring
 Control-offspring

n = 201, obs = 387
 n = 102, obs = 192
 n = 99, obs = 195
 n = 201, obs = 388
 n = 102, obs = 193
 n = 99, obs = 195
 n = 201, obs = 388
 n = 102, obs = 193
 n = 99, obs = 195
Intercept
 1.260
 0.992
 1.358
 98.33
 88.30
 105.97
 100.32
 98.41
 99.91
Blood lead (μg/L)
 -0.001
 -0.001
 -0.001
 -0.02
 0.01
 -0.06*
 0.005
 -0.01
 0.00
Selenium in serum (μg/L)
 0.001
 0.003*
 0.000
 -0.09*
 -0.05
 -0.14*
 0.02*
 0.04*
 0.01
Cadmium in urine (μg/L)
 0.042
 0.074
 0.003
 -2.09
 -2.98
 -1.53
 0.10
 0.11
 0.05
Arsenic in urine (μg/L)
 0.001
 0.001
 0.002
 0.18
 0.37
 0.17
 -0.06
 -0.11
 -0.07
Sex, male
 0.189*
 0.235*
 0.151*
 8.88*
 4.70
 13.09*
 1.92
 1.19
 2.45
Age (years)
 0.004*
 0.008*
 0.002
 -0.67*
 -0.57*
 -0.69*
 0.01
 -0.02
 0.02
Current smoker
 -0.095*
 -0.233*
 -0.004
 -0.30
 2.89
 -3.01
 0.29
 2.77*
 -0.48
Ex-smoker
 0.024
 -0.059
 0.039
 -1.53
 3.57
 -8.33*
 -0.12
 0.98
 -0.09
Diabetes mellitus
 0.058
 0.210
 -0.063
 -2.10
 -2.99
 -3.99
 -1.87
 -4.01
 -0.25
Hypertension
 0.048
 -0.040
 0.100
 1.11
 -0.11
 2.42
 -0.89
 0.53
 -1.72
Body surface area #
 -0.174
 -0.139
 -0.116
 -
 -
 -
 8.58*
 8.74*
 9.55*
Cystitis
 0.014
 0.032
 -0.010
 0.01
 4.07
 -1.41
 -0.67
 -1.07
 -0.42
Pyelonephritis
 -0.081
 -0.118
 0.191
 2.39
 2.33
 -14.38
 -0.65
 0.77
 -0.50
Kidney stone(s)
 0.017
 0.014
 0.123
 2.34
 2.57
 1.62
 -0.57
 -1.53
 0.18
Creatinine in 1-hour urine
 0.475*
 0.417*
 0.530*


-
 -
 -
Creatinine in morning urine (g/L)
 0.018
 0.004
 0.006
 -2.81*
 -2.04
 -3.57
 -0.07
 0.35
 -0.28

*p ≤ 0.05

# BSA = square root ((height in cm × weight in kg)/3600)

Karmaus et al. Environmental Health 2008 7:11   doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-11