|
Other potential risk factors for children's exposure to lead by blood lead concentrations |
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| Blood lead concentration (μg/L) |
||||
|
|
||||
| <100 (N = 242) n (%) |
> = 100 (N = 39) n (%) |
Total (N = 281) n (%) |
P-value |
|
|
|
||||
| Overall health status |
||||
| Good-Excellent |
188 (77.7) |
30 (76.9) |
218 (77.6) |
0.92 |
| Poor-Satisfactory |
54 (22.3) |
9 (23.1) |
63 (22.4) |
|
| Iron deficiency |
||||
| No |
163 (76.9) |
26 (66.7) |
189 (67.7) |
0.94 |
| Yes, without anemia |
27 (11.3) |
4 (10.3) |
31 (11.1) |
|
| Yes, with anemia |
50 (20.8) |
9 (23.1) |
59 (21.1) |
|
| Source of drinking water |
||||
| Municipality |
88 (36.4) |
20 (51.3) |
108 (38.4) |
0.08 |
| Other† |
154 (63.6) |
19 (48.7) |
173 (61.6) |
|
| Source of water for cooking |
||||
| Municipality |
144 (60.3) |
25 (64.1) |
169 (60.8) |
0.65 |
| Other† |
95 (39.7) |
14 (35.9) |
109 (39.2) |
|
| Use hot tap water for milk or cooking |
||||
| Yes |
14 (5.9) |
6 (15.8) |
20 (7.2) |
0.03 |
| No |
225 (94.1) |
32 (84.2) |
257 (92.8) |
|
| Runs tap water before use |
||||
| Yes |
121 (51.3) |
23 (59.0) |
144 (52.4) |
0.37 |
| No |
115 (48.7) |
16 (41.0) |
131 (47.6) |
|
| Child eats canned food |
||||
| Yes |
73 (30.2) |
12 (30.8) |
85 (30.2) |
0.94 |
| No |
169 (69.8) |
27 (69.2) |
196 (69.8) |
|
| Use glazed pottery for food‡ |
||||
| Yes |
19 (8.2) |
1 (2.6) |
20 (7.4) |
0.33 |
| No |
213 (91.8) |
38 (97.4) |
251 (92.6) |
|
| Pica behavior§ |
||||
| Yes |
66 (27.7) |
9 (23.1) |
75 (27.1) |
0.54 |
| No |
172 (72.3) |
30 (76.9) |
202 (72.9) |
|
| Ever applied kohl on child |
||||
| Yes |
30 (12.4) |
13 (33.3) |
43 (15.3) |
0.001 |
| No |
212 (87.6) |
26 (66.7) |
238 (84.7) |
|
| Child plays outside home∥ |
||||
| Yes |
48 (20.5) |
11 (28.2) |
59 (21.6) |
0.28 |
| No |
186 (79.5) |
28 (71.8) |
214 (78.4) |
|
| Child goes to school |
||||
| Yes |
31 (12.9) |
6 (15.8) |
37 (13.3) |
0.63 |
| No |
209 (87.1) |
32 (84.2) |
241 (86.7) |
|
| Mother smokes |
||||
| Yes |
71 (29.3) |
13 (33.3) |
84 (29.9) |
0.61 |
| No |
171 (70.7) |
26 (66.7) |
197 (70.1) |
|
| Exposure to passive smoking¶ |
||||
| Yes |
161 (66.8) |
29 (74.4) |
190 (67.9) |
0.59 |
| No |
80 (33.2) |
10 (25.6) |
90 (32.1) |
|
| Potential for father's occupational exposure to lead†† |
||||
| Low |
164 (67.8) |
18 (47.4) |
182 (66.2) |
0.008 |
| Moderate-High |
73 (30.8) |
20 (52.6) |
93 (33.8) |
|
| Mother's hobbies with potential Pb exposure‡‡ |
||||
| Yes |
10 (4.1) |
2 (5.1) |
12 (4.3) |
0.78 |
| No |
232 (95.9) |
37 (94.9) |
269 (95.7) |
|
| Father's hobbies with potential Pb exposure‡‡ |
||||
| Yes |
73 (30.2) |
14 (35.9) |
87 (31.0) |
0.47 |
| No |
169 (69.8) |
25 (64.1) |
194 (69.0) |
|
|
Note: Missing data in some variables. † Bottled water, Springs. ‡ For cooking or serving food §Child seen eating clay, dirt, paint, plaster, or material from the floor. ∥ Outside home, such as playground, street, parking lot, or garden. ¶Any smoker (father, mother, or other resident) at home. †† Based on job title. ‡‡ Hobbies such as painting, hunting, or fishing. | ||||
Nuwayhid et al. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source 2003 2:5 doi:10.1186/1476-069X-2-5 |
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